@charset "UTF-8";.slick-slider{position:relative;display:block;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box;box-sizing:border-box;-webkit-user-select:none;-moz-user-select:none;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none;-ms-touch-action:pan-y;touch-action:pan-y;-webkit-tap-highlight-color:transparent}.slick-list{position:relative;overflow:hidden;display:block;margin:0;padding:0}.slick-list:focus{outline:none}.slick-list.dragging{cursor:pointer;cursor:hand}.slick-slider .slick-track,.slick-slider .slick-list{-webkit-transform:translate3d(0,0,0);transform:translate3d(0,0,0)}.slick-track{position:relative;left:0;top:0;display:block}.slick-track:before,.slick-track:after{content:"";display:table}.slick-track:after{clear:both}.slick-track.slick-loading{visibility:hidden}.slick-slide{float:left;height:100%;min-height:1px;display:none}.slick-slide[dir=rtl]{float:right}.slick-slide img{display:block}.slick-slide.slick-loading img{display:none}.slick-slide.dragging img{pointer-events:none}.slick-slide.slick-initialized{display:block}.slick-slide.slick-loading{visibility:hidden}.slick-slide.slick-vertical{display:block;height:auto;border:1px solid transparent}.slick-arrow.slick-hidden{display:none}@font-face{font-family:slick;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;src:url(../fonts/slick.eot);src:url(../fonts/slick.eot?#iefix) format('embedded-opentype'),url(../fonts/slick.woff) format('woff'),url(../fonts/slick.ttf) format('truetype'),url(../fonts/slick.svg#slick) format('svg')}.slick-prev,.slick-next{position:absolute;display:block;height:20px;width:20px;line-height:0;font-size:0;cursor:pointer;background:0 0;color:transparent;top:50%;margin-top:-10px;padding:0;border:none;outline:none}.slick-prev:hover,.slick-next:hover,.slick-prev:focus,.slick-next:focus{outline:none;background:0 0;color:transparent}.slick-prev:hover:before,.slick-next:hover:before,.slick-prev:focus:before,.slick-next:focus:before{opacity:1}.slick-prev.slick-disabled:before,.slick-next.slick-disabled:before{opacity:.25}.slick-prev:before,.slick-next:before{font-family:slick;font-size:20px;line-height:1;color:#fff;opacity:1;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased;-moz-osx-font-smoothing:grayscale}.slick-prev{left:-25px}.slick-prev[dir=rtl]{left:auto;right:-25px}.slick-prev:before{content:"←"}.slick-prev:before[dir=rtl]{content:"→"}.slick-next{right:-25px}.slick-next[dir=rtl]{left:-25px;right:auto}.slick-next:before{content:"→"}.slick-next:before[dir=rtl]{content:"←"}.slick-slider{margin-bottom:30px}.slick-dots{position:absolute;bottom:-45px;list-style:none;display:block;text-align:center;padding:0;width:100%}.slick-dots li{position:relative;display:inline-block;height:20px;width:20px;margin:0 5px;padding:0;cursor:pointer}.slick-dots li button{border:0;background:0 0;display:block;height:20px;width:20px;outline:none;line-height:0;font-size:0;color:transparent;padding:5px;cursor:pointer}.slick-dots li button:hover,.slick-dots li button:focus{outline:none}.slick-dots li button:hover:before,.slick-dots li button:focus:before{opacity:1}.slick-dots li button:before{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;content:"•";width:20px;height:20px;font-family:slick;font-size:6px;line-height:20px;text-align:center;color:#000;opacity:.25;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased;-moz-osx-font-smoothing:grayscale}.slick-dots li.slick-active button:before{color:#000;opacity:1}.slick-prev{left:0}.slick-next{right:0}#page{background-color:#525254;position:relative}.nav_up{top:-87px}.show_secondary .nav_up{}header{height:87px}.show_secondary header{height:125px}.navbar-collapse{padding-top:1em}.uxm_header{min-height:87px}.uxm_header .navbar-header{margin:0}.uxmatters_logo{margin-left:-.125em}.navbar_primary{margin-left:-.6875em}.uxm_header_secondary{display:none;background-color:#333;position:absolute;left:0;padding:0;width:100%;height:38px;-webkit-box-shadow:0 .45em .625em 0 rgba(0,0,0,.22);box-shadow:0 .45em .625em 0 rgba(0,0,0,.22)}.uxm_header_secondary ul{margin:0 -.94em;font-size:.8em;position:relative}.uxm_header_secondary ul li{display:inline-block;margin:0;padding:0;margin-right:.415em;color:#fff;outline:none}.uxm_header_secondary ul li:last-child{margin-right:0}.uxm_header_secondary ul li a{padding:0 .94em;display:inline-block;line-height:38px;font-family:proximanova-semibold,sans-serif;font-style:normal;font-stretch:normal;text-transform:uppercase;color:#fff;border-bottom:none}.uxm_header_secondary ul li a:hover{text-decoration:none;color:#d5c4ff}.uxm_header_secondary ul li .active a{color:#d5c4ff}.uxm_header_secondary ul.author_directory,.uxm_header_secondary ul.glossary_directory,.uxm_header_secondary ul.style_directory{display:none}.uxm_header_secondary ul.author_directory li,.uxm_header_secondary ul.glossary_directory li,.uxm_header_secondary ul.style_directory li{text-align:center;margin:0}.uxm_header_secondary ul.author_directory li a,.uxm_header_secondary ul.glossary_directory li a,.uxm_header_secondary ul.style_directory li a{padding:0;display:block}.uxm_header_secondary ul.slick-initialized{display:block}.uxm_header_secondary a,.uxm_header_secondary span{display:inline-block;border-bottom:none;line-height:38px}.uxm_header_secondary span{color:#666}.show_secondary .navbar_primary>li.active>.uxm_header_secondary{display:block}#desktop_search{padding:4px 0 0;margin:0 -.9em 0 0}#desktop_search form{margin:0;padding:0 0 0 15px;overflow:hidden}#desktop_search form .fill{position:relative;display:table;border-collapse:separate;overflow:hidden}#desktop_search form .fill .form-control{width:100%}#desktop_search form .fill .input-appender{white-space:nowrap;width:1%;display:table-cell;position:relative;background-color:#000}#desktop_search form .search_text{border:1px solid #3e3e3e;border-radius:5px 0 0 5px;outline:none;background:#3e3e3e;padding:.2em 3.5em .15em .4em;font-family:proximanova-regular,sans-serif;font-size:.9375em;line-height:1.4666em;color:#fff;left:100%;position:relative;-webkit-transition:left .3s ease-in-out;transition:left .3s ease-in-out;height:auto}#desktop_search form .desktop_icon_search{margin:0;vertical-align:middle;top:0;border:none;padding:0 15px;border-radius:5px;color:#fff;background:#000;-webkit-transition:border-radius .3s ease-in-out;transition:border-radius .3s ease-in-out;-webkit-transition:background .2s ease-in-out;transition:background .2s ease-in-out}#desktop_search form .desktop_icon_search:hover,#desktop_search form .desktop_icon_search:focus{background:#444;color:#fff}#desktop_search form .desktop_icon_search:hover.search_closed,#desktop_search form .desktop_icon_search:focus.search_closed{background:#000}#desktop_search form .desktop_icon_search.search_btn{border-radius:5px 0 0 5px;background:#575757}#desktop_search form .desktop_icon_search.search_btn:hover{background:#616161}#desktop_search.open .search_text,#desktop_search .no-js #desktop_search .search_text{left:0}.visible-landscape{display:none!important}.bg_img_container{background:url(../images/BGimage.svg) no-repeat;background-size:100%;background-attachment:fixed;-webkit-box-shadow:0 0 25px 6px rgba(0,0,0,.22);box-shadow:0 0 25px 6px rgba(0,0,0,.22);background-position:0 1.12em;background-color:#6e6e73}.bg_img_container_home{background-image:none;-webkit-box-shadow:0 0 25px 6px rgba(0,0,0,.22);box-shadow:0 0 25px 6px rgba(0,0,0,.22);-webkit-transition:min-height 1s ease-in-out;transition:min-height 1s ease-in-out;background-color:#616165!important}.bg_img_container_home .background_up{background-position:0 0}.overlay_home{-webkit-transition:background-color .2s ease-in-out;transition:background-color .2s ease-in-out;background-color:rgba(235,235,255,.6);position:absolute;top:0;bottom:0;left:0;right:0;height:auto;margin-top:25.25em;width:100%;z-index:0}.content{padding-bottom:1.5625em}.content.home_page{padding-top:15em;position:relative}.content .container{padding:0 .9375em}.exposed .content.home_page{padding-top:0}.content_block,.content_block1,.content_block_home_last,.content_block_article,.page_content,.page_content_after_ad,.comments_content,.promo_block,.promo_block_last,.promo_block_end{margin-top:2em;margin-bottom:2em}.content_block_home_last,.extended{margin-bottom:0}.hairline{display:none}.comments_content{margin-top:0}.trending_list .trend:before,.articles_list .article_link:before{left:.1em}.page_title,.section_heading{text-align:left;font-size:1.5em}.page_title{margin-bottom:1.25em}.page_title h1,.page_title h2{font-size:1.083em;line-height:1.154em;padding:.3078em .85em}.columns_page .page_title{margin-bottom:1.125em}.section_heading h2{font-size:1.083em;line-height:1.154em;padding:.3078em .85em}.pull_aside{margin:.4em -5em 0 2em;position:relative}.category_archive .pull_aside,.column_archive .pull_aside{margin-bottom:1em}.pullquote{margin-top:0;width:17em;font-size:1.15em}.pullquote ul{font-size:inherit}.intro .pull_aside{margin-right:-1em;margin-top:.438em}.subscribing_page .pull_aside,.top_articles_page .pull_aside{margin-right:0;margin-bottom:.4em}.contactus,.uxmatters{}.contactus .pull_aside,.uxmatters .pull_aside{float:none;margin-right:0;margin-left:0}.contactus .pullquote.uxmatters,.uxmatters .pullquote.uxmatters{padding:1em 1.5em 1.3em;float:right}.contactus .pullquote.uxmatters .heading,.uxmatters .pullquote.uxmatters .heading{font-family:proximanova-semibold,sans-serif;font-style:normal;font-stretch:normal;font-size:1.1em;line-height:1.5em;color:#1b1b1b}.contactus .pullquote.uxmatters p,.uxmatters .pullquote.uxmatters p{font-size:1em}.contactus_form .form-inner-wrapper{margin-top:7px}.uxmatters_info{margin-top:1.25em}.promo_block,.promo_block_end{padding:1.4em 0}.promo_block .promo_ads a,.promo_block_end .promo_ads a{margin:0 auto}.footer_block{padding-bottom:.75em}.subscribe_form_block,.social_media_feeds_block,.footer_links{height:19.35em;border-bottom:0}.subscribe_form_block{margin-top:0;border-top:0;padding-top:1em}.subscribe_form_block .subscribe_form .subscribe_form_input{padding:.6em .8em}.subscribe_form_block,.social_media_feeds_block{border-right:1px solid #616164;margin:1em .05em 1.35em}.social_media_feeds_block{padding-top:1em}.social_inner{margin-top:.5em}.footer_links{margin-top:.5em;padding:1.8em 2em 0 0}.footer_links ul{list-style-type:none;font-size:1em;margin:0;padding:0}.footer_links ul>li{border-bottom:1px solid #616164}.footer_links ul>li>a{text-decoration:none;color:#d5c4ff;display:block;height:2.5em;line-height:2.5em;width:100%;padding:0 .95em}.footer_links ul>li>a:hover{color:#d5c4ff;border-bottom:1px dotted transparent;background:#5b5b5e}.footer_links ul>li>a:active{color:#d5c4ff;border-bottom:1px dotted transparent;background:#5b5b5e}.footer_links ul>li:first-child{border-top:1px solid #616164}.footer_links ul>li:last-child{border-bottom:1px solid #616164}.border_for_footer,.strategicux_promo{border-top:1px solid #616164}.masthead{margin-top:.75em;font-size:.9em}.masthead,.copyright_info{border:none}.copyright_info{margin-top:-1.25em;margin-bottom:.75em;font-size:.9em}.strategicux_promo{padding-top:1.5em;padding-bottom:1.5em;padding-left:0;font-size:.9em}.strategicux_promo .promo_wrapper{float:right}.strategicux_promo .promo_lead{font-family:proximanova-regularit}footer .visible-xxs{display:none}footer .tagline{display:none}.column_info{margin-bottom:.7em}.author_profile_page .column_info{margin-bottom:-.563em}.author_info{padding-left:.9375em}.author_info p{margin:0 0 .375em;font-size:1.2em;line-height:1.15em}.author_profile p{font-size:1.1em}.column_separator{margin-top:1em;border-bottom:1px solid #eee;margin-bottom:2em}.button_bar{margin:-2em auto 2em;padding:.9375em 5em .9375em 5.78em}.view_more_block{margin-bottom:2em}.article_button_bar{margin-bottom:0}.form_button_bar{text-align:left}.comments_content{border-top:1px solid #eee;padding-bottom:0}.comments_content .validation_info{float:right}.more_columns .article_list,.more_on_topic .article_list,.new_on_uxmatters .article_list,.author_articles .article_list,.more_columns .new_on_uxmatters_list .author_article_list,.more_on_topic .new_on_uxmatters_list .author_article_list,.new_on_uxmatters .new_on_uxmatters_list .author_article_list,.author_articles .new_on_uxmatters_list .author_article_list{margin:1.5625em 1.5em .5em 2.5em}.more_columns .article_list li,.more_on_topic .article_list li,.new_on_uxmatters .article_list li,.author_articles .article_list li,.more_columns .new_on_uxmatters_list .author_article_list li,.more_on_topic .new_on_uxmatters_list .author_article_list li,.new_on_uxmatters .new_on_uxmatters_list .author_article_list li,.author_articles .new_on_uxmatters_list .author_article_list li{margin-bottom:.35em}.dd_list_container{position:absolute;right:18px;top:6px}.dd_list_container label{color:#fff}.dd_list_container .bootstrap-select.btn-group>.dropdown-toggle{font-size:1.0625em}.dd_list_container .bootstrap-select.btn-group.show-tick .dropdown-menu li.selected a span.check-mark{top:3px}.directory_bar{background:#674ea7;overflow:hidden;margin-bottom:1.438em}.directory_bar .page_title{float:left;background:0 0}.directory_bar .page_title h1{margin-left:0;padding:.335em .85em .315em}.directory_bar .page_filters_container{padding:0;background:0 0;margin-top:0;border-bottom:0;-webkit-box-shadow:0;box-shadow:0;height:auto}.directory_bar .page_filters_container .page_filters{float:right;margin-top:.625em;margin-right:1.75em}.slider .slider-content{height:100%!important}.home_page .page_title{margin-bottom:0}.article_page .subtopic{margin-top:1em;padding:0 0 .25em}.article_page .comment_pullquote{margin-left:.625em}.authors_page .headshot{float:left;margin-right:.9375em;width:7.102em}.authors_page .author_link{margin:1.25em .9375em .3125em}.author_profile_page{}.author_profile_page .author_info{padding-left:.75em;font-size:1.2em;line-height:1.15em}.author_profile_page .column_logo{margin-top:.95em}.author_profile_page .author_page_columns .new-wrapper{padding-left:0}.author_profile_page .author_page_columns .new-wrapper.bullets{margin-bottom:2em;padding:.125em 1.375em 0}.content .columns_list .column_logo{margin-right:1.875em}.authors_page .page_title,.glossary_page .page_title{margin-bottom:0}.topics_page .main_topics{padding:.813em 1.438em 0}.topics_page .business_topics,.topics_page .code_topics,.topics_page .community_topics{padding-top:0}.topics_page .topic_intro{margin-top:.9em;margin-bottom:.7em}.topics_page ul.subtopics{margin-bottom:.75em}body.windows.ie .topic_tag{padding-top:.2em;padding-bottom:.33333em}body.windows.firefox{}body.windows.firefox .page_title h1{padding-top:.2631em}body.windows.firefox .section_heading h2{padding-top:.2693em}body.windows.firefox .content ul>li:before{top:8px}body.windows.firefox .content .intro ul>li:before{top:9px}body.windows.firefox .content .bullets ul>li:before{top:.46666em}body.windows.firefox .content .trending_list>li:before,body.windows.firefox .content .articles_list>li:before{top:-.2964em}body.windows.firefox .slider .slider-content ul li .alpha_heading{padding-top:.2841em;padding-bottom:.3977em}body.windows.firefox .promo_block .promo_label,body.windows.firefox .promo_block_last .promo_label,body.windows.firefox .promo_block_end .promo_label{top:-1.14285em}body.windows.firefox .pullquote:after{margin-top:-3px}body.windows.firefox .comment_quote:before{top:.25715em}body.windows.firefox .comment_quote:after{bottom:-14px}body.windows.firefox .desktop_search_page .gsc-control-cse .gsc-selected-option-container{padding-top:1px;padding-bottom:4px}@media only screen and (min-device-width:768px) and (max-device-width:1024px) and (orientation:portrait){body.ios .content .articles_list>li:before{top:-.188em}body.ios .category_archive .content .articles_list>li:before,body.ios .column_archive .content .articles_list>li:before{top:2.188em}}body.ios.chrome{}body.ios.safari{}body.mac-os.chrome .tagline{padding-top:.1875em}body.mac-os.chrome .btn.btn-default,body.mac-os.chrome .btn.btn-primary{padding-top:.4375em;padding-bottom:.375em}body.mac-os.chrome .page_title label .caret,body.mac-os.chrome .section_heading label .caret{}body.mac-os.chrome .bootstrap-select.btn-group .caret{margin-top:-3px}body.mac-os.chrome .dd_list_container .bootstrap-select.btn-group>.dropdown-toggle .caret{margin-top:-6px}body.mac-os.chrome .page_title h1{padding-top:.3875em;padding-bottom:.2475em}body.mac-os.chrome .section_heading h2{padding-top:.3847em;padding-bottom:.23em}body.mac-os.chrome .content ul>li:before{}body.mac-os.chrome .content .intro ul>li:before{top:8px}body.mac-os.chrome .content .bullets ul>li:before{top:.33333em}body.mac-os.chrome .topic_tag{padding-top:.325em;padding-bottom:.27em}body.mac-os.chrome .promo_block .promo_label,body.mac-os.chrome .promo_block_last .promo_label,body.mac-os.chrome .promo_block_end .promo_label{top:-.96em}body.mac-os.chrome .promo_block .continue_label,body.mac-os.chrome .promo_block_last .continue_label,body.mac-os.chrome .promo_block_end .continue_label{bottom:-1.155em}body.mac-os.chrome figcaption,body.mac-os.chrome table caption{padding-top:.5em;padding-bottom:.375em}body.mac-os.safari .dd_list_container .bootstrap-select.btn-group>.dropdown-toggle .caret{margin-top:-6px}@media(min-width:768px) and (max-width:1200px){.pullquote ul>li:before{top:.125em}.pullquote ul>li.subscribe_links:before{top:.063em}.author_profile_page .column_info{margin-top:.25em}}@media(min-width:768px) and (max-width:1004px){a.top{bottom:1.25em;right:2.688em;width:3em;height:3em;border-radius:1.5em;line-height:3em}}@media(min-width:768px) and (max-width:991px){.content.home_page{padding-top:13.85em}}@media(min-width:1801px){#infographic{margin-top:5px}}@media(max-width:1800px){#infographic{margin-top:8px}}@media(max-width:1700px){#infographic{margin-top:12px}}@media(max-width:1600px){#infographic{margin-top:14px}}@media(max-width:1500px){#infographic{margin-top:19px}}@media(max-width:1400px){#infographic{margin-top:22px}}@media(max-width:1300px){#infographic{margin-top:25px}}@media(max-width:1200px){#infographic{margin-top:28px}}@media(max-width:1100px){#infographic{margin-top:31px}}@media(max-width:1000px){#infographic{margin-top:34px}}@media(max-width:900px){#infographic{margin-top:36px}}footer .subscribe_form_block{padding-right:5%}footer .social_media_feeds_block{padding-right:4%;padding-left:4%}footer .footer_links{padding-left:5%}@media(min-width:768px) and (max-width:991px){.strategicux_promo{padding-right:16px}}@media(min-width:992px) and (max-width:1299px){.strategicux_promo{padding-right:11px}}@media(min-width:1300px){.strategicux_wrapper{width:16.66666667%}}@media(max-width:991px){.container{width:100%}.content .trending_list>li:before,.content .articles_list>li:before{top:-.313em;line-height:1.4em}h2.title{font-size:1.5em}.author_profile_page .column_info{margin-top:.313em}.comments_block .comments .fa{top:-.219em}.definition{max-width:32em}.social_media_feeds .fa{height:1.5em;width:1.5em;line-height:1.5em;font-size:1.5em}.social_media_info .social_type{}.social_media_info .social_count{font-size:1.125em}.main_comment_block{padding-left:4.6em;padding-right:4.6em}.footer_block .subscribe_form_block{width:36%;padding-right:3.5%}.footer_block .social_media_feeds_block{width:39%;padding-left:3.5%;padding-right:3.5%}.footer_block .social_media_feeds_block a .social_media_info{margin-left:-6px;width:73px}.footer_block .footer_links{width:22.5%;padding-left:3.5%;padding-right:0}.sponsor_name{float:right;margin-left:0}}@media(max-width:799px){.border_for_footer{margin-top:3em}.strategicux_promo{margin-top:3.35em}}@media(min-width:800px) and (max-width:808px){.border_for_footer{margin-top:1.5em}.strategicux_promo{margin-top:1.675em}}@media(min-width:901px) and (max-width:991px){.footer_block .subscribe_form_block{width:38%}.footer_block .social_media_feeds_block{width:37%}}@media(max-width:940px){footer .masthead .separator{display:none}footer .masthead .separator+br{display:block!important}}@media(min-width:850px){.clear_icon{}}@media(max-width:991px){.pull_aside{margin:.4em 0 0 2em}.intro .pull_aside{margin-right:0}.uxm_header_secondary .topics_nav{margin:0 0 0 2px}.uxm_header_secondary .topics_nav li{margin-right:2.5%}.uxm_header_secondary .topics_nav li a{padding:0}}@media(min-width:266px){.show_mSearch #mobile-form{visibility:visible;opacity:1;-webkit-transition-delay:0s;transition-delay:0s}.show_mSearch.results-page header{visibility:visible}.show_mSearch.results-page.bg_img_container{padding:40px 0 0}#desktop_search{display:none}#mobile-search{display:block;right:19px;bottom:-8px}}@media(min-width:992px){.clear_icon{right:3.8em}.uxm_header_secondary .topics_nav{margin:0 0 0 -.79em}.uxm_header_secondary .topics_nav li{margin-right:1.9%}}@media(min-width:992px) and (max-width:1300px){.footer_block,.border_for_footer{margin-left:4%}.border_for_footer{width:67%}.social_media_feeds_block{width:37%;padding-left:3.5%;padding-right:3.5%}.footer_links{width:27%;padding-left:3.5%}.subscribe_form_block{padding-right:3.5%}}@media(min-width:1024px){.show_mSearch.results-page header{margin-bottom:0!important}}@media(max-width:1199px){.uxm_header_secondary ul{margin:0}.author_directory,.glossary_directory,.style_directory{padding:0 20px;position:relative}}@media(min-width:1200px){.slick-slider{padding:0;margin-left:-.688em}}@media(min-width:766px) and (max-width:1237px){.new-wrapper.sliders{padding:0 1.438em}}@media(min-width:810px) and (max-width:840px){.navbar_primary>li>a{padding:.9375em .8em .84613em}}@media(min-width:785px) and (max-width:809px){.navbar_primary>li>a{padding:.9375em .7em .84613em}}@media(min-width:768px) and (max-width:784px){.navbar_primary>li>a{padding:.9375em .63em .84613em}}@media(max-width:768px){.blog_header{height:160px}}@media(min-width:768px){.results-page .bg_img_container{padding:36px 0 0}.show_secondary.results-page .bg_img_container{margin-top:-2px;padding:0}}