Laban Movement Analysis for User Experience Design

Effort has four factors—each having two polarities—as follows:

• space—thinking, attention, where
  
  • indirect—all around awareness
  • direct—focused and specific
• time—intuition, decision, when
  
  • sustained—leisurely, continuous, lingering
  • sudden—unexpected, isolated, surprising
• weight—sensing, intention, what
  
  • light—delicate, sensitive, easy intention
  • strong—bold, forceful, determined intention
• flow—feeling, progression, how
  
  • free—going with the flow
  • bound—contained and inward

There are eight different combinations of these factors that make up Effort Actions, which combine the factors of space, time, and weight. (See Table 1.) Flow is a constant across all actions. One amazing thing about Effort Actions is that, when you read them, you can understand what they are implicitly. Nobody has to explain Dab to you, do they? These are all things we can connect with on a physical and intuitive level. I’m sure you know the feeling of Dab without thinking about it. Thus, Effort Actions give us a common language everyone understands for talking about a user experience we want to create. We can also help match an appropriate action to an intent if we understand what elements make up a particular Effort Action.

Table 1—The eight Effort Actions

Effort Action	Space	Time	Weight	Flow
Glide	Direct	Slow	Light	Free
Slash	Indirect	Fast	Strong	Free
Press	Direct	Slow	Strong	Bound
Flick	Indirect	Fast	Light	Free
Punch	Direct	Fast	Strong	Bound
Float	Indirect	Slow	Light	Free
Dab	Direct	Fast	Light	Bound
Wring	Indirect	Slow	Strong	Bound

Not only can the use of Effort Actions help a team talk about a design as they envision, design, and develop it; it can help ensure that the design you create is clear, articulate, and intuitive, as well as fun and engaging for users. The iPhone is a perfect example of the good use of Effort Actions. This is part of why people get such a rush when using it. The iPhone captures us on more than just a functional level. It engages us both physically and emotionally. This, when you get down to it, is the essence of innovative design, right?

While I could write a whole article on just Effort Actions and the iPhone, I’ll refrain and give only three examples of how the iPhone has achieved great interaction design through Effort Actions and successful innovation.

The first example I want to talk about is the Effort
Action named Glide. The smooth interaction of unlocking the iPhone is quite clearly Glide—though they call it slide. (See Figure 1.) I would argue they didn’t even need to add the words slide to unlock in the user interface. Everything about the visual affordance begs you to do just that. The action is focused, easy, and isolated. Everything you would want unlocking to be. It meets the intention and the actualization of that intention.

Another Effort Action the iPhone has implemented well is Press. Moving applications around on your iPhone provides an example of Press. (See Figure 2.) This interaction is focused, continuous—until you’re finished—and has a determined intention. Just as we think about pushing furniture around in a room, pressing to move our applications on the iPhone is an interaction that matches our intent and expectations.

The iPhone has also implemented something that, in essence, is a series of connected, little Flicks, and that is shaking. (See Figure 3.) This Effort Action occurs in situations where you can shake the iPhone to get something to happen. For example, in my GPS application, shaking undoes my last action. I would agree that, in some ways, this works, because I can remember the Etch A Sketch® I loved as a kid, which used shaking to erase a picture. But this totally unexpected result also surprised me. I had not intended to undo anything the first time I noticed this functionality. I was merely holding the phone in my hand while talking.

So, this shaking interaction isn’t quite as intuitive as some of the others on the iPhone, because it starts to blur the boundaries of a truly definitive Effort Action. If you want a function to be intuitive and natural, its boundaries must be distinct, not mushy. I think the problem lies in judging whether shaking is truly the right Effort Action for a user’s intent. Flick should be an isolated or sudden action within a particular context—something that makes it easy to divine intention. However, I don’t believe undoing is that easy an intention to express. We must consider the possible disconnects between a user’s intent, the user interface, and the actual physical gesture an interaction requires. Perhaps the correct Effort Action for undo would be Slash.

Even if there are still a few bugs to work out, what I find interesting is that the iPhone is using multiple Effort Actions in its design, not just one. By using multiple Effort Actions, the designers of the iPhone can match movement to user intent, then use whatever Effort Action is appropriate for a particular situation without worrying about being consistent across different intents and functions. More important, this approach seems to be working for people. When designers make clear and decisive choices, users can understand and are delighted by how easy interactions are. Connecting some of these physical and emotional metaphors for movement to function would be engaging and fun for users.

Actual, physical interactions aren’t the only things to consider. They just have the most literal interpretations. I have just begun to translate these ideas into an experience design and explore how it should feel. In Table 2, I’ll present my initial ideas about what a UX design using Effort Actions might look like, showing how the user experience would feel to users.

Table 2—Examples of proposed Effort Actions in UX design

Effort Action	User Experience Design Examples	Benefit
Glide	Navigating on supercook.com	Provides smooth transitions between elements and selections.
Slash	Creating a Genius mix on iTunes or Pandora	Lets you swipe through a collection of music.
Press	Creating and navigating taxonomies	Lets you create sets and restricts movement.
Flick	Using Image Spark	Lets you quickly flip through images and set the layout to something other than a grid. Feels more like you have just flicked the images down.
Punch	1-Click Ordering on Amazon	Lets you take a quick and definitive action—that you can’t take back.
Float	Creating a tag cloud	Doesn’t pre-determine navigation.
Dab	Adding a purchase to your cart on an ecommerce site	Says I’m not completely committed to something yet, but am touching it.
Wring	Wading through posts on Craigslist	Forces indiscriminate and tedious browsing.

Body

In Laban, Body describes the structural and physical characteristics of the human body in motion. This aspect of Movement Analysis describes what body parts are moving, how they are connected to other parts, and how they influence each other. This is easy to understand if you think about a baseball player who is a switch hitter. How is it different for him to swing from the right or the left? Where does the movement start? How does the swing affect not only his arms, but his back, legs, and the rest of his body? How does the movement flow between the different parts of his body?

More generally, some helpful ways in which you can think about Body and answer those questions are:

• Where does the movement initiate—in what specific body parts?
• How do the different body parts connect to each other?
• What is the sequence of movement between different parts of the body?
• What are the patterns of body organization and connectivity?

If we can answer these questions, it allows us to understand the overall system—or a set of systems working together—that is, how the system actually achieves the movement and how different things impact each other. Any good designer surely thinks about these things. I’m sure this all sounds quite familiar, even when I describe it in terms of UX design. (See Table 3.) The implications of thinking on this level are that a design becomes a coherent, coordinated, holistic system that contains all the necessary functionality to meet users’ needs and intents.

Table 3—Body and UX design

Body	UX Design	Implications
Initiation of movement from specific body parts	User stories and scenarios	Understanding users’ intents and pathways
Connections between different body parts	Flowcharts or site maps of an entire system or structure	Getting an overall picture of how everything hangs together
Sequencing of movement between parts of the body	Workflows or tasks requiring movement through the system	Accounting for all necessary functions
Patterns of body organization and connectivity	Design patterns	Understanding the repeatable and reusable structures and functions

Shape

The aspect of Shape describes how the body changes shape during movement and has factors such as mode or quality. Mode can be about the direction or flow of a shape change—whether for some kind of organic movement or a habitual gesture like shrugging your shoulders. Quality is about the way something is moving. For example, is it contracting, expanding, or rising?

This makes me think about rich interactions, or what we often call Web 2.0 interactions. When designers think about these new capabilities in Web design, we typically focus on the actual affordances—an overlay or a carousel or sliders. But it seems we rarely think about the transitions before and after interactions.

For a good example of transitions, go to google.com, then move your mouse and watch how smoothly features on the page advance into focus. It’s so clean; you almost don’t even notice it happening. Until you show your intent to actually do something, the site doesn’t throw the functionality in your face.

There is more to designing rich interactions than just deciding you want to include a particular interaction. You need to think about how users experience the transitions before and after an interaction. If we throw too much at users without considering how we should use these technological capabilities, we run the risk of overwhelming users and creating a bad user experience.

I’m Ready to Put My Whole Body In

My partner in that shoe-flying dance I described earlier was gracious enough to recover my shoe for me and even put it back on my foot. We carried on with the dance, and thankfully, my shoe stayed firmly on my foot throughout the rest of the performance. But I’ve now learned that the language of movement isn’t really all that confusing if you have a clear way to articulate it and set people’s expectations. Understanding the different ways of thinking about and categorizing movement has helped me realize there is actually some method to what had previously seemed like madness to me. Breaking movement down into intentions, factors, and overall structure has given me a way to calm my butterflies and move forward gracefully. Maybe thinking about UX design in the same way can help us to articulate our designs better and create even more innovative and intuitive products. 

References

Bishko, Leslie. “Laban for Animators: Overview of Laban Movement Analysis.”PDF Laban for Animators, 2004. Retrieved February 11, 2010.

Morrissey, Brian. “Target Zeros in on iPhone: Gift Globe App Provides ‘Utilitainment’.” Adweek, December 3, 2008. Retrieved February 11, 2010.

Panet, Brigid, and Fiona McHardy. Essential Acting: A Practical Handbook for Actors, Teachers and Directors. New York: Routledge, 2009.